PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON THE HUMAN BODY
Keywords:
morphine, opioid receptors, μ-receptor, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokineticsAbstract
This scientific article systematically and comprehensively covers the chemical
structure, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and mechanisms of action of morphine — a
member of the opioid analgesic group. Morphine modifies intracellular signaling via Gi/o proteins through
μ-, κ-, and δ-opioid receptors, thereby inhibiting the transmission of nociceptive impulses in the central
nervous system. The article also examines the drug's bioavailability, metabolic pathways, the clinical
significance of M3G and M6G metabolites, adverse effects, mechanisms of dependence and tolerance, as
well as its contemporary clinical applications.
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