HORMONAL ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID GLAND AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Keywords:
thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, thyroxineAbstract
The thyroid gland plays a critical role in regulating numerous physiological processes through the secretion of hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones influence metabolic rate, energy balance, growth, and the functional activity of multiple organ systems. This article explores the mechanisms of thyroid hormone synthesis, regulation, and action at the cellular and systemic levels. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between the thyroid gland and other endocrine structures, as well as the consequences of hormonal imbalance. Understanding the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland is essential for evaluating its impact on overall human physiology and for improving approaches to diagnosis and treatment of thyroid-related disorders.
References
1. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2021). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier.
2. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., & Kronenberg, H. M. (2020). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Elsevier.
3. Jameson, J. L., & De Groot, L. J. (2016). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Elsevier.
4. Brent, G. A. (2012). Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Journal of Clinical Investigation.
5. Chiamolera, M. I., & Wondisford, F. E. (2009). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid hormone feedback. Endocrinology.
6. Mullur, R., Liu, Y. Y., & Brent, G. A. (2014). Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiological Reviews.
7. Yen, P. M. (2001). Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiological Reviews.
8. Bianco, A. C., & Kim, B. W. (2006). Deiodinases and thyroid hormone action. Endocrine Reviews.
9. McAninch, E. A., & Bianco, A. C. (2016). The thyroid hormone signaling pathway. Nature Reviews Endocrinology.
10. Ross, D. S. (2017). Thyroid hormone therapy and disorders. New England Journal of Medicine.
