LEOPOLD MANEUVERS AND FETAL AUSCULTATION AS LOW-COST OBSTETRIC ASSESSMENT TOOLS: DIAGNOSTIC VALUE, LIMITS AND CLINICAL INTEGRATION

Abstract

External obstetric examination remains essential where ultrasound and
continuous monitoring are limited or used selectively. Objective: This article evaluates Leopold
maneuvers and fetal auscultation as practical tools for assessing fetal lie, presentation, engagement
and heart rate. Methods: A narrative review of guideline recommendations and comparative
evidence was performed. Results: Leopold maneuvers are low-cost and noninvasive but operatordependent;
fetal auscultation is recommended for low-risk labor in several guidelines, while
continuous electronic monitoring should be used according to risk. Discussion: These methods
should not compete with ultrasound or cardiotocography; they should guide when technology is
needed. Conclusion: Properly taught external examination improves clinical reasoning, triage and
respectful maternity care.