REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: INTEGRATING OVARIAN, UTERINE AND ENDOCRINE SIGNALS

Abstract

Background: Menstrual-cycle regulation is a core topic in gynecology because irregularity, pain and
abnormal bleeding often reveal endocrine or structural disease. Objective: This article reviews the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovarian and uterine cycles, and functional diagnostic tests.
Methods: International epidemiological sources and clinical review evidence were synthesized in an
IMRAD format. Results: The menstrual cycle reflects coordinated follicular development, ovulation,
luteal function and endometrial transformation; basal temperature, ultrasound folliculometry,
hormonal assays and ovulation tests provide complementary information. Discussion: Functional
tests are useful only when interpreted with history and clinical context. Conclusion: Cycle
assessment should move beyond calendar counting toward integrated endocrine and endometrial
reasoning.