THE CHEMICAL ROLE OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR DEFICIENCY

Abstract

This article analyzes the chemical and biological significance of biogenic elements in the human body and explains how their deficiency leads to clinically important pathological conditions. The study was structured around both macroelements and microelements, with special attention to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, zinc, and selenium. Their participation in enzyme systems, membrane potentials, bone mineralization, oxygen transport, endocrine regulation, antioxidant defense, and cellular signaling was examined from a bioinorganic and clinical perspective. The purpose of the article was to present the physiological roles of these elements within a single conceptual framework and to connect their chemical forms and biological functions with the most common deficiency syndromes observed in medical practice. The analysis showed that biogenic elements are not passive nutritional components but active chemical determinants of metabolism, gene expression, redox balance, and tissue homeostasis. Their deficiency does not usually manifest as an isolated biochemical event; rather, it develops into a multisystem pathological response involving structural, functional, and regulatory disruption. The article also emphasizes that accurate diagnosis requires attention to early biochemical markers before overt clinical disease appears.